  | 1889 escape to Zurich, studies political economy
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  | 1893 founding of social democracy in the Kingdom of Poland
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  | since 1897 in Germany, acquisition of German citizenship by means of a pseudo-marriage
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  | since 1899 struggle against revisionism in the SPD
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  | 1903 efforts for a general political strike
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  | 1905/6 involvement in the first Russian revolution
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  | 1915 imprisonment because of opposition to the war
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  | 1916 co-founder of the Spartacus League
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  | imprisonment again following demonstrations on Potsdam Plaza; release after outbreak of the revolution in Germany
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  | agitation with Karl Liebknecht against the German National Assembly
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  | founding member of the KPD
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  | after 1919 January uprising, murdered in Berlin along with Liebknecht by Mounted Guards |